@book{titanium_lutjering_book,
  title = {{Titanium}},
  author = {Gerd Lütjering and James C. Williams},
  publisher = {Springer},
  year = {2007},
  edition = {2},
  doi = {10.1007/978-3-540-73036-1},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-73036-1}
}

@book{titanium_froes_book,
  title = {{Titanium: Physical Metallurgy, Processing, and Applications}},
  editor = {F. H. Froes},
  publisher = {ASM International},
  year = {2015},
  doi = {10.31399/asm.tb.tpmpa.9781627083188},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.tb.tpmpa.9781627083188}
}

@article{titanium_perspectives,
  title = {{Perspectives on Titanium Science and Technology}},
  author = {Dipankar Banerjee and J.C. Williams},
  journal = {Acta Materialia},
  year = {2013},
  volume = {61},
  pages = {844--879},
  doi = {10.1016/j.actamat.2012.10.043},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2012.10.043}
}

@article{titanium_processing,
  title = {{Influence of processing on microstructure and mechanical properties of (α+β) titanium alloys}},
  author = {G. Lütjering},
  journal = {Materials Science and Engineering: A},
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  volume = {243},
  pages = {32--45},
  doi = {10.1016/s0921-5093(97)00778-8},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/s0921-5093(97)00778-8}
}

@article{titanium_ffc,
  title = {{Direct electrochemical reduction of titanium dioxide to titanium in molten calcium chloride}},
  author = {George Zheng Chen and Derek J. Fray and Tom W. Farthing},
  journal = {Nature},
  year = {2000},
  volume = {407},
  pages = {361--364},
  doi = {10.1038/35030069},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/35030069}
}

@article{titanium_oxygen,
  title = {{Origin of dramatic oxygen solute strengthening effect in titanium}},
  author = {Qian Yu and Liang Qi and Tomohito Tsuru and Rachel Traylor and David Rugg and J. W. Morris and Mark Asta and D. C. Chrzan and Andrew M. Minor},
  journal = {Science},
  year = {2015},
  volume = {347},
  pages = {635--639},
  doi = {10.1126/science.1260485},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1260485}
}

@article{titanium_beta,
  title = {{A Review of Metastable Beta Titanium Alloys}},
  author = {R. Prakash Kolli and Arun Devaraj},
  journal = {Metals},
  year = {2018},
  volume = {8},
  pages = {506},
  doi = {10.3390/met8070506},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.3390/met8070506}
}

@article{titanium_machining,
  title = {{Titanium alloys and their machinability—a review}},
  author = {E.O. Ezugwu and Z.M. Wang},
  journal = {Journal of Materials Processing Technology},
  year = {1997},
  volume = {68},
  pages = {262--274},
  doi = {10.1016/s0924-0136(96)00030-1},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/s0924-0136(96)00030-1}
}

@article{titanium_am,
  title = {{Additive manufacturing of metals}},
  author = {Dirk Herzog and Vanessa Seyda and Eric Wycisk and Claus Emmelmann},
  journal = {Acta Materialia},
  year = {2016},
  volume = {117},
  pages = {371--392},
  doi = {10.1016/j.actamat.2016.07.019},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2016.07.019}
}

@article{titanium_porosity,
  title = {{The Influence of Porosity on Fatigue Crack Initiation in Additively Manufactured Titanium Components}},
  author = {S. Tammas-Williams and P. J. Withers and I. Todd and P. B. Prangnell},
  journal = {Scientific Reports},
  year = {2017},
  volume = {7},
  pages = {7308},
  doi = {10.1038/s41598-017-06504-5},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-06504-5}
}

@article{titanium_dwell,
  title = {{The influence of alloying on slip intermittency and the implications for dwell fatigue in titanium}},
  author = {Felicity F. Worsnop and Rachel E. Lim and Joel V. Bernier and Darren C. Pagan and Yilun Xu and Thomas P. McAuliffe and David Rugg and David Dye},
  journal = {Nature Communications},
  year = {2022},
  volume = {13},
  pages = {5949},
  doi = {10.1038/s41467-022-33437-z},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-33437-z}
}

@article{titanium_macrozones,
  title = {{The mechanistic link between macrozones and dwell fatigue in titanium alloys}},
  author = {Yang Liu and Fionn P.E. Dunne},
  journal = {International Journal of Fatigue},
  year = {2021},
  volume = {142},
  pages = {105971},
  doi = {10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2020.105971},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2020.105971}
}

@article{titanium_biomedical,
  title = {{Ti based biomaterials, the ultimate choice for orthopaedic implants – A review}},
  author = {M. Geetha and A.K. Singh and R. Asokamani and A.K. Gogia},
  journal = {Progress in Materials Science},
  year = {2009},
  volume = {54},
  pages = {397--425},
  doi = {10.1016/j.pmatsci.2008.06.004},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2008.06.004}
}

@article{titanium_surface,
  title = {{Surface modification of titanium, titanium alloys, and related materials for biomedical applications}},
  author = {X LIU and P CHU and C DING},
  journal = {Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports},
  year = {2004},
  volume = {47},
  pages = {49--121},
  doi = {10.1016/j.mser.2004.11.001},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mser.2004.11.001}
}

@article{titanium_niti,
  title = {{Physical metallurgy of Ti–Ni-based shape memory alloys}},
  author = {K. Otsuka and X. Ren},
  journal = {Progress in Materials Science},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {50},
  pages = {511--678},
  doi = {10.1016/j.pmatsci.2004.10.001},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2004.10.001}
}

@book{titanium_tial,
  title = {{Gamma Titanium Aluminide Alloys}},
  author = {Fritz Appel and Jonathan David Heaton Paul and Michael Oehring},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  year = {2011},
  doi = {10.1002/9783527636204},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527636204}
}

@article{titanium_hydrogen,
  title = {{The hydrogen embrittlement of titanium-based alloys}},
  author = {Ervin Tal-Gutelmacher and Dan Eliezer},
  journal = {JOM},
  year = {2005},
  volume = {57},
  pages = {46--49},
  doi = {10.1007/s11837-005-0115-0},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-005-0115-0}
}

@article{titanium_aerospace,
  title = {{Opportunities and Issues in the Application of Titanium Alloys for Aerospace Components}},
  author = {James C. Williams and Rodney R. Boyer},
  journal = {Metals},
  year = {2020},
  volume = {10},
  pages = {705},
  doi = {10.3390/met10060705},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.3390/met10060705}
}

@article{titanium_ti_o_fe,
  title = {{Strong and ductile titanium–oxygen–iron alloys by additive manufacturing}},
  author = {Tingting Song and Zibin Chen and Xiangyuan Cui and Shenglu Lu and Hansheng Chen and Hao Wang and Tony Dong and Bailiang Qin and Kang Cheung Chan and Milan Brandt and Xiaozhou Liao and Simon P. Ringer and Ma Qian},
  journal = {Nature},
  year = {2023},
  volume = {618},
  pages = {63--68},
  doi = {10.1038/s41586-023-05952-6},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-05952-6}
}

@article{titanium_lean_oxygen,
  title = {{Lean design of a strong and ductile dual-phase titanium–oxygen alloy}},
  author = {Wangwang Ding and Qiying Tao and Chang Liu and Gang Chen and SangHyuk Yoo and Wei Cai and Peng Cao and Baorui Jia and Haoyang Wu and Deyin Zhang and Hongmin Zhu and Lin Zhang and Xuanhui Qu and Jin Zou and Mingli Qin},
  journal = {Nature Materials},
  year = {2025},
  volume = {24},
  pages = {506--512},
  doi = {10.1038/s41563-025-02118-9},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41563-025-02118-9}
}

@article{titanium_recycling,
  title = {{Direct production of low-oxygen-concentration titanium from molten titanium}},
  author = {Toru H. Okabe and Gen Kamimura and Takashi Ikeda and Takanari Ouchi},
  journal = {Nature Communications},
  year = {2024},
  volume = {15},
  pages = {5015},
  doi = {10.1038/s41467-024-49085-4},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-49085-4}
}

@article{titanium_grain_oxygen,
  title = {{Grain refinement in titanium prevents low temperature oxygen embrittlement}},
  author = {Yan Chong and Reza Gholizadeh and Tomohito Tsuru and Ruopeng Zhang and Koji Inoue and Wenqiang Gao and Andy Godfrey and Masatoshi Mitsuhara and J. W. Morris and Andrew M. Minor and Nobuhiro Tsuji},
  journal = {Nature Communications},
  year = {2023},
  volume = {14},
  pages = {404},
  doi = {10.1038/s41467-023-36030-0},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-36030-0}
}

@book{titanium_powder,
  title = {{Titanium Powder Metallurgy}},
  editor = {Ma Qian and F. H. Froes},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  year = {2015},
  doi = {10.1016/c2013-0-13619-7},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/c2013-0-13619-7}
}

@article{titanium_sustainability,
  title = {{Strategies for improving the sustainability of structural metals}},
  author = {Dierk Raabe and C. Cem Tasan and Elsa A. Olivetti},
  journal = {Nature},
  year = {2019},
  volume = {575},
  pages = {64--74},
  doi = {10.1038/s41586-019-1702-5},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1702-5}
}